The Department of Commerce converted federal grants into equity positions totaling $2 billion across nine quantum computing companies to expand domestic production capacity. This follows the 2025 conversion of $2.2 billion in CHIPS Act grants into a 10 percent Intel stake and subsequent smaller positions such as the Vulcan Elements rare-earth investment. Primary source: Department of Commerce letters of intent dated May 2026; secondary source: White House Office of Science and Technology Policy quantum strategy update, March 2025. The announcement omitted IonQ despite its prior Cerberus funding, while engineering challenges around error rates and qubit stability remain unresolved per National Quantum Initiative reports. Additional solicitations for advanced-technology proposals are still open. Related source: UK Quantum Technologies Programme annual review, 2025.